Power Saver

Project code:- E51 Project Cost:- INR:- Rs.9000/- USD:- 225$

We are facing an acute shortage of electrical power these days, every now and then there is a power cut in some part of our city . If we could save some power from our house, it could be utilized some where else, it could be a good contribution towards national development process.

You must have observed in your house that many times we forget to switch off lights and fans while leaving our rooms in hurry.These small things are neglected mostly by childrens and students, and has been observed by all of us in our day to day life.This gave me a thought to design a project through we could save electricity by switching OFF the fans when nobody is in the room or during day time the LIGHTS should remain OFF. This could be achieved automatically by using this project

Power Saver Block diagram

Operation: A pair of 38khz transmitter and a receive is fixed before the entry of the room across the entry and another pair is fixed inside the room just after the door across the enty points. In block diagram these are shown as TX1 RX1 AND TX2 RX2,Transmitters are operated by 2 AA size 1.5v batteries. Receivers are directly connected to the microcontroller board. Each receiver has three connection wires RED wire is for +5v power supply BLACK wire is for –ve and YELLOW wire is for out put of the receiver.These all wires should be connected to the respective connecter on to the microcontroller board otherwise you will damage the receiver part .Normally the output of the IR receiver remains HIGH when the beam is present you can check it with the multimeter between –ve and yellow wire terminal that is between black and yellow wire terminal. It should always be HIGH(+5v) when IR beam is present and there is no obstruction. Any one passing through the beam will obstruct the beam that will generate Low going pulse as the person passes by. You. Can check Low Voltage between black and yellow wire terminals.

Note : many time it is observerd that you donot chect the transmitter battery weather it is properly connected or not. many times I have found that battery was dead.and since student donot have the multimeter could not check the battery voltage. Please check that 3v dc is always available at the trnsmitter terminals ie red and black wire.If the voltage is still not available the possible fault could be rusty spring or bad contacts. or bad battery. Battery should be removed when it is not in use.

Microcontroller maintains a counter inside. . Please note that these counter will only work properly with single entry. If two peoples are coming together will be considred as single entry. Counters is automatically increased or decreased on entry or exit sensors and result is displayed on seven segment leds.Till the time ,counter value is non zero fan will remain ON inside the room Also the lights will come ON during night time or during low visibility time.

The light circuit is operated by a light sensing circuit operated by a LDR (light dependent resister.)

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Multipurpose Isolated Serial Input Output Module

Project code:- E50 Project Cost:- INR:- Rs. 7500/- USD:- 200$

Designed for control and sensing applications, this project provides 8 relay outputs and 4 optically isolated inputs. It can be used in various applications including load switching, external switch input sensing, contact closure and external voltage sensing.

Serial IO Block Diagram

It is controlled via a serial port using a set of simple text commands. Connection to the isolated inputs and relay outputs is via “pluggable type” screw terminal blocks The project presented here is based on world’s most powerful intel’s mcs-51 family of microcontroller atmel at89c51.In this project we are using AT 89C2051 microcontroller,since this controller has two ports are more than enough for our project.

Application area: the project can be used for various application wherever you require control using pc.

1 hotel power management

2.street light management

3.home automation

4.load shedding

5. High voltage grid control

6. Industrial automation

7.electro,hydrolic and pneumatic valve control

8. Robotic control and many more

All the above operation are possile from the ibm pc through com port.

User can control the devices using one of the following ways:-

1. Direct from pc using hyperterminal
2. Dialup network
3. Internet, using web applications
4. Through s.m.s.

User has to write his own codes for the pc , he is not require to write any code if he uses hyperterminal which is a part of all the window operating system .

This circuit can be connected to pc through com port provided. On pc normally two ports are available com1 & com2 this can be connected to any available com port, through a serial cable one normally used with modem ic max 232 is a level conver ter ic to convert ttl level data to +12v and –12v level for complete details on this ic, refer to manufacturer’s data sheet.

Using the serial port over a parallel port has several advantages:

1. Fewer wires are required (three instead of nine or more) 2. Serial cables can be a lot longer (up to 100ft),allowing “remote” control. 3. Serial ports can be used with any computer and operating system. The kit requires a 9-to-12V 1AMP AC power supply.

ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS

Follow the component overlay on the PCB, starting with the resistors then diodes, IC sockets and crystal. Next fit the ceramic and monobloc capacitors, followed by the small electrolytic capacitors. Electrolytic capacitors are polarised, the positive lead is marked on the overlay, the negative is marked on the body of the capacitor.

Leave the large electrolytic until later.Fit the regulator next and use the 3mm screw and nut to attach the heatsink. All that remains is to fit the DC jack and D9 connector, followed by the relays and finally the large electrolytic capacitor.

Do not insert any ICs yet. Connect a power supply to the DC jack (centre positive) and measure the regulator output (5V). If OK disconnect the power and insert the ICs. Take care that the ICs are the correct way around and none of the leads are bent under the body of the IC.

Leds to the front panel. The PCB uses only four of the eight mounting posts on the bottom of the plastic case. Remove the four inner posts. They can be easily “snipped” off using wire cutters. Fit the front and rear panels to the PCB and hold in place.Slowly position the PCB into the base of the plastic case, making sure that the front and rear panels slide into the

Slots provided. Secure the PCB to the case using the selftapping screws. Fit and secure the lid.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

This project started out as an extension of my previous project “HOTEL POWER MANAGEMENT”. . The circuit is very simple and straightforward. The brains of the kit is IC1, an 89C2051 microcontroller from Atmel. This was chosen because it has the required number of I/O pins and a built in serial port. It is pre-programmed to process all commands received via the serial port, control the relays and monitor the inputs. IC8 provides conversion between TTL and RS232 signals. To drive each of the relays. The opto-couplers, IC4-7, are used to provide electrical isolation between the inputs and the rest of the circuitry.At power-up, all relays are off (released) and the data LED is off. The data LED comes ON indicates proper functioning of microcontroller

OPERATION

Hyperterminal for Windows 98 . Start ® Programs ® Accessories ® hyperterminal

2. Double click on “Hypertrm.exe” to start the program. 3. In the “New Connection” dialog box, type in a name for this connection (eg. Myterm). Select an icon for this new connection then press OK. 4. The “Phone Number” dialog box will appear. Go to “Connect using” and select “Direct to Com 1” (orwhatever Com port the kit is connected to). Press OK

To continue. 5. The “Port Settings” dialog box will appear. Select the following then press OK.

· Bits per second : 9600

· Data bits : 8

· Parity : None

· Stop bits : 1

· Flow control : None

The program is now ready to go. When exiting you will be asked “Do you want to save session ?” Press “Yes”. A configuration file called “myterm.ht” is created with the” folder. Double click on this icon to start the program from now on. Way to test the kit is to use a terminal emulator program running on your computer. Run the program and set the communication parameters (asdescribed above). Connect the kit to the serial port on your PC using a straight through 9 pin cable. Switch on the power. The kit outputs an ‘#’ character as a prompt to indicate it is waiting to receive commands. Send a few commands to operate and release relays and check their status. Apply a voltage level to each of the inputs and read back its status. See also page 6 for this testing described in more detail.lator

COMMANDS

A set of simple text commands is used to control the relays, return their status or read the inputs. Each command consists of a string of ASCII characters followed by carriage return (Enter ¿). The ‘#’ character is output as a prompt to indicate the kit is waiting for a command. It should be on your screen. Each character received is echoed back. On completion of each command, good or bad, a carriage return/line feed combination is output followed by the ‘#’ prompt. If the command or parameter is invalid, the command is ignored and a ‘?’ is output before the next ‘#’ prompt. Note: · Commands are not processed until the carriage return character is received. · Commands can be in upper or lower case. · Relays are numbered 1 to 8. Relay number ‘0’ (zero) indicates ALL relays. · Inputs are numbered 1 to 4. Input number ‘0’ (zero) indicates ALL inputs.· Where a hex byte is used, each bit within the byte indicates its corresponding relay or input. Bit 0 indicates relay or input 1, bit 1 indicates relay or input 2, etc. Nx – Turn a relay ON (where x = relay number)

Eg. “N4” – turn on relay 4 “N0” – turn on ALL relays Fx – Turn a relay OFF (where x = relay number)

Eg. “F4” – turn off relay 4

“F0” – turn off ALL relays

Tx – TOGGLE a relay on/off (where x = relay number)

Changes the state of a relay (ON to OFF, OFF to ON)

Eg. “T6” – toggle relay 6

“T0” – toggle ALL relays

Rhh – Set ALL relays directly

“hh” is a hexadecimal byte. Each bit within the byte indicates whether the corresponding relay is operated or not. If the bit is ‘1’ then the relay is operated, if the bit is ‘0’ then the relay is released.

Eg. “R55” – relays 1,3,5,7 ON, all others OFF

“R0F” – relays 1-4 ON, all others OFF

Sx – relay STATUS (where x = relay number)

A ‘0’ (zero) is returned if the relay is released, ‘1’ if operated.

The command “S0” returns the status of ALL relays. In this case a hex byte is returned. Each bit within the byte indicates the status of the corresponding relay. Eg. “S3” – returns the status of relay 3 “S0” – returns the status of ALL relays

Ix – INPUT status (where x = input number) A ‘1’ is returned if the input is active or enabled, ‘0’ otherwise.

The command “I0” returns the status of ALL inputs. As with the ‘S’ command, a hex byte is returned. Bits 0-3 indicate the status of inputs 1-4. Bits 4-7 are unused and are set to ‘0’. Eg. “I1” – returns the status of input 1

“I0” – returns the status of ALL inputs A special command, ‘?’, will print the software revision date.

CONT………….

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Pic LCF Meter (Simple Monitoring of inductance, capacitance & frequency)

Project code:- E40 Project Cost:- INR:- Rs. 7500/- USD:- 200$

THIS simple PIC-based unit was designed to measure and display the values of inductors and capacitors.As a by-product of the technique used.it can also display the frequency of an external 0V/ +5V signal source The ranges are approximately:
Capacitance : 1pF to 6500uF
Inductance : 1uH to 10H
Frequency : 0.05Hz to 5MHz

The design is based upon the concept that osillators can be constructed from CMOS NAND gates or inverters.and that their oscillation frequency depends on the valuesof inductance. capacitance and resistance in their feedback paths. Using a suitable microconteroller. Such as one from the PIC 16F62x or PIC 16F87x

families. software can read the frequency of an oscillator and calculate the value of the ot- her components are known.In this design. A PIC16F628 is used and the results are output to an alphanumeric liquid crystal display (I.c.d.). One technique for using an inductor in a CMOS oscillator circuit is that shown in Fig.1.Here the oscillation frequency is determined by the formula:
F = _______1_______

2 x 7 x / ( L x C )

where:

F = frequency

C = C1 x C2

C1 x C2

L = inductance

7 = 22/7

Using this formula. If any two values are known. The third can be readily calculated For instance . if C and F are known. Than I can be calculated using the formula:

( 1_____)

L = ( 2 x 7 x F )

C

Similarly using the capacitance –resistance oscillator configuration ,.the output Frequency can be calculated for known values of R and C. several formulae exist for this calcUlation and the one used in this application is:

F = ____1____

7 x R x C

from which the value for C can be calculated if R and F are known:

C = 1___

7 x R x F

cont……………

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Simple Photographic Timer

Project code:- E46 Project Cost:- INR:- Rs. 2000/- USD:- 50$

Simple photographic timer is a simple count down timer with six preset times.60,90.120.300,600 and 900 secondsAt powerup the default count time is 60 seconds. pressing sw1 sycles through the other timing delays.At the end of the count the output goes low for two seconds and the times then reset back to the preselected value and starts again.The project presented here is based on world’s most powerful micro-controller based on intel’s mcs-51 family , generally known as intel-8051. We have used its derivative atmel-89c2051.

Simple Photographic Timer With Block Diagram 

Main features: 4digit 7segment led display and a open collector output which can be used to operate, relay or buzzer or what ever you want at the end of timing period.

There are three inputs to the circuit. reset ,start and pause .Reset input is for hardware reset.

all inputs are pulled high, or may be pulled low by switched or relays, by the open collector transister Q7. Two switches are also connected along with the start and stop of the inputs. so that you can test the basic function of the module.all the inputs and outputs are connected to 10pin header connector.

Inputs:

This timer has three inputs and one output.

Reset: it makes the countrer to show 0060 default valur

Start : will load the count value by 60,90.120.300,600 and 900 seconds

Pause : will pause the timer pressing start will again start the timer

Out: overflow will cause this low going pulse output from this pin.

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Photic Phone (Laser or Fibre Optic Link For Voice Transmission)

Project code:- E62 Project Cost:- INR:- Rs. 2000/- USD:- 50$

Using a single ultrabright l.e.d., this simple low-cost, high security, optical voice link achieved a range of four metres, and 15 metres with a single lens(not included in the kit) This project slices up the human voice into forty-thousand binary segments a second, transmits it over a light-beam, then re-integrates it at the other side.

That is, it applies pulse width modulation (p.w.m.) to the voice, to create a binary transmission. This is far more advantageous than similar analogue circuits, which typically achieve a range of no more than a few metres. The circuit presented here has a range approximately five times greater than similar analogue circuitW ithout the use of lenses, the prototype Photic Phone achieved a range of four metres. With a single lens at the Transmitter, it achieved a range of 15 metres.

In theory, therefore, with the use of two lenses, it should achieve a range of fifty metres using a single cheap, ultrabright l.e.d. The problem with similar analogue circuits is that these depend on a light beam of continuously variable intensity. What happens in this case is that, over distance, the subtler nuances of the light beam are lost – and with them the intelligibility of the voice.

Transmitting a voice in binary form has the advantage of always transmitting at full intensity. This means that even the weakest nuances of a voice will reach the Receiver as strongly as the rest. Lighting The Way Besides being good fun, communicating via a light-beam may have certain advantages over other methods of transmission. It requires no wires, it needs no radio license, it is very cheap to implement, and it is all but impossible for anyone to eavesdrop on a transmission. Not only this, but the PROJECT may also be used with fibre optic cable or a laser (at a price)s.

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